Isishwankathelo
I-Voltmeter sisixhobo sokulinganisa i-voltage, i-voltmeter esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo - i-voltmeter.Uphawu: V, kukho umazibuthe osisigxina kwi-galvanometer ebuthathaka, ikhoyili eyenziwe ngeengcingo idityaniswe kuthotho phakathi kweetheminali ezimbini ze-galvanometer, ikhoyili ibekwe kumhlaba wamagnetic wemagnethi esisigxina, kwaye iqhagamshelwe kwisalathisi. yewotshi ngesixhobo sothumelo.Uninzi lwee-voltmeters zohlulwe zibe ziindidi ezimbini.I-voltmeter ineetheminali ezintathu, enye i-terminal kunye ne-positive terminals ezimbini.I-terminal echanekileyo ye-voltmeter ixhunywe kwi-terminal ye-positive yesiphaluka, kwaye i-terminal engafanelekanga ixhunywe kwi-terminal engafanelekanga yesiphaluka.I-voltmeter kufuneka idibaniswe ngokuhambelana nesixhobo sombane phantsi kovavanyo.I-voltmeter yi-resistor enkulu ngokufanelekileyo, ngokufanelekileyo ithathwa njengesekethe evulekileyo.Uluhlu lwe-voltmeter olusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiilabhoratri zezikolo zamabanga aphakamileyo ezisezantsi yi-0~3V kunye ne-0~15V.
Wumgaqo wokusebenza
I-voltmeters yesikhombisi semveli kunye nee-ammeters zisekelwe kumgaqo-siseko oyimpembelelo yamagnetic yangoku.Ubukhulu bexesha langoku, amandla amakhulu ombane avelisiweyo, abonisa ukuguquka kwesalathisi kwi-voltmeter.Kukho i-magnet kunye ne-coil yocingo kwi-voltmeter.Emva kokudlula okwangoku, ikhoyili iya kuvelisa intsimi yamagnetic.Emva kokuba ikhoyili inikwe amandla Ukuphambuka kuya kwenzeka phantsi kwesenzo semagnethi, eyona nxalenye yentloko ye-ammeter kunye ne-voltmeter.
Ekubeni i-voltmeter idinga ukudibaniswa ngokuhambelana nokuchasana nokulinganisa, ukuba i-ammeter enobucayi isetyenziswe ngokuthe ngqo njenge-voltmeter, i-current in meter iya kuba nkulu kakhulu kwaye imitha iya kutshisa.Ngeli xesha, ukuchasana okukhulu kufuneka kudibaniswe ngokulandelelana kunye nesiphaluka sangaphakathi se-voltmeter., Emva kolu tshintsho, xa i-voltmeter idityaniswe ngokuhambelana kwisekethe, uninzi lwamandla ombane olusetyenzisiweyo kuzo zombini iziphelo zemitha yabelwa ngolu hlobo lokumelana ngenxa yomsebenzi wokuxhathisa, ngoko ke umbane odlulayo kwimitha ngokwenene incinci kakhulu, ngoko ke Inokusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo.
Isimboli ye-DC voltmeter kufuneka yongeze u-“_” phantsi kwe-V, kwaye isimboli ye-voltmeter ye-AC kufuneka yongeze umgca wamaza “~” phantsi kwe-V.
Aisicelo
Isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ixabiso lombane kwisekethe okanye isixhobo sombane.
Ukuhlelwa
Umatshini obonisa imitha yokulinganisa amandla ombane e-DC kunye nombane we-AC.Yahlulahlulwe kwi-DC voltmeter kunye ne-AC voltmeter.
Uhlobo lwe-DC luthatha ubukhulu becala indlela yokulinganisa i-magnetoelectricity meter kunye ne-electrostatic meter.
Uhlobo lwe-AC ubukhulu becala lwamkela indlela yokulinganisa yodidi lombane imitha yombane, imitha yombane yohlobo lombane, uhlobo lombane imitha yombane kunye nohlobo lombane lombane.
I-digital voltmeter sisixhobo esiguqula ixabiso lombane elilinganisiweyo libe yifom yedijithali kunye ne-analog-to-digital converter kwaye ibonakaliswe kwifom yedijithali.Ukuba i-voltage ayiqhelekanga ngenxa yezizathu ezinjengombane, sebenzisa isekethe efunxa ingxolo yangaphandle njengesihluzo sombane okanye isichasi esingenamgca.
Isikhokelo sokhetho
Indlela yokulinganisa i-ammeter kunye ne-voltmeter ngokusisiseko iyafana, kodwa uxhulumaniso kwisekethe yokulinganisa luhlukile.Ngoko ke, la manqaku alandelayo kufuneka aqatshelwe xa ukhetha kwaye usebenzisa i-ammeters kunye ne-voltmeters.
⒈ Uhlobo lokukhetha.Xa umlinganiselo uyi-DC, kufuneka kukhethwe imitha ye-DC, oko kukuthi, imitha yesixhobo sokulinganisa i-magnetoelectric system.Xa i-AC elinganisiweyo, kufuneka inikele ingqalelo kwi-waveform yayo kunye nokuphindaphinda.Ukuba i-sine wave, inokuguqulwa kwamanye amaxabiso (afana nexabiso eliphezulu, ixabiso eliphakathi, njl.) kuphela ngokulinganisa ixabiso elisebenzayo, kwaye naluphi na uhlobo lwemitha ye-AC lunokusetyenziswa;ukuba i-non-sine wave, kufuneka yahlule oko kufuneka kulinganiswe Ngexabiso le-rms, isixhobo se-magnetic system okanye inkqubo yombane ye-ferromagnetic inokukhethwa, kunye nexabiso eliphakathi kwesixhobo sohlaziyo sinokukhethwa. ikhethiwe.Isixhobo sokulinganisa inkqubo yombane sisoloko sisetyenziselwa umlinganiselo ochanekileyo wokutshintshana kwangoku kunye nombane.
⒉ Ukhetho lokuchaneka.Ukuphakama kokuchaneka kwesixhobo, ixabiso libiza kakhulu kwaye kunzima ukugcinwa.Ngaphezu koko, ukuba ezinye iimeko azihambelani ngokufanelekileyo, isixhobo esinenqanaba eliphezulu lokuchaneka asinakukwazi ukufumana iziphumo zokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo.Ngoko ke, kwimeko yokukhetha isixhobo esisezantsi sokuchaneka ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokulinganisa, ungakhethi isixhobo sokuchaneka okuphezulu.Ngokuqhelekileyo i-0.1 kunye ne-0.2 yeemitha zisetyenziswa njengemitha eqhelekileyo;I-0.5 kunye ne-1.0 yeemitha zisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa kwebhubhoratri;izixhobo ezingaphantsi kwe-1.5 zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumlinganiselo wobunjineli.
⒊ Ukukhetha uluhlu.Ukuze unike umdlalo opheleleyo kwindima yokuchaneka kwesixhobo, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukhethe ngokufanelekileyo umda wesixhobo ngokobungakanani bexabiso elilinganisiweyo.Ukuba ukhetho alufanelekanga, impazamo yokulinganisa iya kuba nkulu kakhulu.Ngokuqhelekileyo, isalathiso sesixhobo esiza kulinganiswa sikhulu kune-1/2 ~ 2/3 yoluhlu oluphezulu lwesixhobo, kodwa alukwazi ukudlula uluhlu oluphezulu.
⒋ Ukhetho lochaso lwangaphakathi.Xa ukhetha imitha, ukuchasana kwangaphakathi kwemitha kufuneka kwakhona kukhethwe ngokuhambelana nobukhulu be-impedance elinganisiweyo, ngaphandle koko kuya kuzisa impazamo enkulu yokulinganisa.Ngenxa yokuba ubungakanani bokuchasana kwangaphakathi bubonisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla omitha ngokwawo, xa ukulinganisa okwangoku, i-ammeter ene-insurance encinci yangaphakathi kufuneka isetyenziswe;xa ulinganisa i-voltage, i-voltmeter enokumelana okukhulu kwangaphakathi kufuneka isetyenziswe.
Mulungiso
1. Landela ngokungqongqo iimfuno zemanyuwali, kwaye uyigcine kwaye uyisebenzise ngaphakathi koluhlu oluvumelekileyo lobushushu, ukufuma, uthuli, ukungcangcazela, indawo ye-electromagnetic kunye nezinye iimeko.
2. Isixhobo esigcinwe ixesha elide kufuneka sihlolwe rhoqo kwaye umswakama kufuneka ususwe.
3. Izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo ixesha elide kufuneka zibe phantsi kokuhlolwa okuyimfuneko kunye nokulungiswa ngokweemfuno zokulinganisa umbane.
4. Musa ukudibanisa kunye nokucima isixhobo ngokuthanda, ngaphandle koko uvakalelo kunye nokuchaneka kwayo kuya kuchaphazeleka.
5. Kwizixhobo ezineebhetri ezifakwe kwimitha, qwa lasela ukujonga ukukhutshwa kwebhetri, kwaye ubeke endaweni yazo ngexesha lokuphepha ukugqithiswa kwebhetri ye-electrolyte kunye ne-corrosion yamacandelo.Kwimitha engasayi kusetyenziswa ixesha elide, ibhetri kwimitha kufuneka isuswe.
Imibandela efuna ingqalelo
(1) Xa ukulinganisa, i-voltmeter kufuneka idibaniswe ngokuhambelana nesiphaluka esiphantsi kovavanyo.
(2) Ekubeni i-voltmeter idibaniswe ngokuhambelana nomthwalo, i-Rv yokuchasana yangaphakathi iyadingeka ukuba ibe nkulu kakhulu kunomthwalo wokuchasa i-RL.
(3) Xa ulinganisa i-DC, qala udibanise iqhosha elithi "-" le-voltmeter ukuya ekupheleni kwe-low-potential yesekethe phantsi kovavanyo, uze uqhagamshele iqhosha elithi "+" ekupheleni kokuphela kwesekethe ephantsi kovavanyo.
(4) Kwi-multi-quantity voltmeter, xa umyinge wobungakanani kufuneka utshintshwe, i-voltmeter kufuneka ikhutshwe kwisekethe phantsi kovavanyo ngaphambi kokutshintsha umda wobungakanani.
Tukulungisa ingxaki
Umgaqo wokusebenza we-digital voltmeter unzima kakhulu, kwaye uneentlobo ezininzi, kodwa ii-voltmeters zedijithali ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo (kubandakanywa ne-multimeters yedijithali) zinokwahlulwa ngokwesiseko ngokwexesha-ikhowudi ye-DC ye-voltmeters yedijithali ye-ramp A / D converters kunye nothelekiso olulandelelanayo.Kukho iindidi ezimbini zeevoltmeters zedijithali ze-DC ezifakwe kwi-A/D.Ngokuqhelekileyo, kukho ezi nkqubo zilandelayo zokulondoloza.
1. Uvavanyo lokufaneleka phambi kohlaziyo
Oku kubangelwa ikakhulu "ngokulungelelaniswa kwe-zero" kunye "nokulinganisa i-voltage" yomatshini emva kokuba ukuqaliswa kuqhutywe ngaphambili ukugqiba ukuba umsebenzi wengqiqo we-voltmeter yedijithali uqhelekileyo.
Ukuba i-polarity ka "+" kunye "-" inokutshintshwa ngexesha "lohlengahlengiso lwe-zero", okanye xa amandla ombane "+" kunye "-" elinganisiwe, kuphela amanani abonisiwe angachanekanga, kunye neenombolo zombane eziboniswe nokuba kwezi zimbini zichanekile., ebonisa ukuba umsebenzi we-logic jikelele we-voltmeter yedijithali uqhelekileyo.
Ngokwahlukileyo, ukuba ulungelelwaniso lwe-zero alunakwenzeka okanye akukho mboniso wedijithali wombane, oko kubonisa ukuba umsebenzi wengqiqo womatshini wonke awuqhelekanga.
2. Ukulinganisa umbane wokubonelela
Amandla ombane angachanekanga okanye angazinzanga emveliso yombane eyahlukeneyo yeDC elawula umbane ngaphakathi kwivolthimitha yedijithali, kunye ne-zener diode (2DW7B, 2DW7C, njl.njl.) ezisetyenziswa njengomthombo "wereferensi yombane" azinaziphumo zilawulwayo, ezikhokelela kumsebenzi wokuqiqa. yevoltmeter yedijithali.Esinye sezizathu eziphambili zokuphazamiseka.Ke ngoko, xa uqala ukulungisa isiphene, kufuneka uqale ujonge ukuba ngaba iziphumo zombane ohlukeneyo we-DC ozinzileyo kunye nemithombo yombane yereferensi ngaphakathi kwe-voltmeter yedijithali ichanekile kwaye izinzile.Ukuba ingxaki ifunyenwe kwaye ilungiswe, iphoso inokupheliswa rhoqo kwaye umsebenzi wengqiqo we-digital voltmeter unokubuyiselwa ngokuqhelekileyo.
3. Isixhobo esiguqukayo esiguquguqukayo
Izixhobo eziguquguqukayo ezincinci kwiisekethe zangaphakathi zeevolthimitha zedijithali, ezifana ne "voltage yereferensi" yokucheba irheostats yomthombo, indawo yokusebenza yeamplifier yokwahlulahlula i-rheostats, kunye ne-transistor elawulwayo yonikezelo lwamandla ombane olawula i-potentiometers, njl. izixhobo ezilungelelaniswayo zinonxibelelwano olubi, okanye Ukuxhathisa kwayo ngengcingo-inxeba ithambile, kwaye ixabiso lokubonisa le-voltmeter yedijithali lihlala lingachanekanga, lingazinzanga, kwaye alinakulinganiswa.Ngamanye amaxesha utshintsho oluncinci kwisixhobo esinxulumene ne-semi-adjustable luhlala luphelisa ingxaki yoqhagamshelwano olubi kwaye lubuyisele i-voltmeter yedijithali kwisiqhelo.
Kufuneka kucaciswe ukuba ngenxa ye-oscillation ye-parasitic ye-transistor elawulwayo unikezelo lwamandla ngokwalo, luhlala lubangela ukuba i-digital voltmeter ibonise into engazinzanga yokungaphumeleli.Ke ngoko, phantsi kwemeko yokungachaphazeli umsebenzi wengqiqo womatshini wonke, i-voltage elawula i-potentiometer inokutshintshwa kancinci ukuphelisa i-oscillation yeparasitic.
4. Qwalasela ulwaza olusebenzayo
Kwi-voltmeter yedijithali engalunganga, sebenzisa i-oscilloscope ye-elektroniki efanelekileyo ukujonga imveliso ye-waveform yesiginali sisihlanganisi, umqondiso we-waveform ephuma yi-clock pulse generator, i-wave waveform ye-ring step trigger circuit kunye ne-ripple voltage waveform yonikezelo lwamandla olulawulwayo. , njl. Kunceda kakhulu ukufumana indawo yesiphoso kunye nokuhlalutya unobangela wempazamo.
5. Funda umgaqo wesekethe
Ukuba akukho ngxaki ifunyenwe ngokusebenzisa le nkqubo yogcino olungentla, kuyimfuneko ukuqhubela phambili ukufunda umgaqo wesekethe ye-voltmeter yedijithali, oko kukuthi, ukuqonda umgaqo wokusebenza kunye nobudlelwane obunengqiqo kwisekethe yecandelo ngalinye, ukuze kuhlalutywe iinxalenye zesekethe ezinokuthi bangela iimpazamo, kunye nokuhlolwa kwesicwangciso Isicwangciso sovavanyo lonobangela wokungaphumeleli.
6. Yenza isicwangciso sovavanyo
I-voltmeter yedijithali sisixhobo esichanekileyo sokulinganisa i-elektroniki kunye nesakhiwo sesekethe esiyinkimbinkimbi kunye nemisebenzi enengqondo.Ngoko ke, ngesiseko sophando olunzulu lomgaqo wayo wokusebenza kwawo wonke umatshini, isicwangciso sovavanyo sinokuzotywa ngokungqinelana nohlalutyo lokuqala lwezizathu ezinokuthi zingaphumeleli ukugqiba ngokufanelekileyo indawo yempazamo kunye nokufumanisa ixabiso elonakeleyo neliguquguqukayo. izixhobo, ukwenzela ukufezekisa injongo yokulungisa isixhobo.
7. Vavanya kwaye uhlaziye isixhobo
Kukho izixhobo ezininzi ezisetyenziswa kwisekethe ye-voltmeter yedijithali, phakathi kwayo i-Zener njengomthombo wombane wereferensi, oko kukuthi, umgangatho we-Zener diode, njenge-2DW7B, 2DW7C, njl., i-amplifier yereferensi kunye ne-amplifier yokusebenza edibeneyo I-circuit integrator, i-ring step trigger I-diodes yokutshintsha kwisiphaluka, kunye neebhloko ezidibeneyo okanye ii-transistors zokutshintsha kwi-circuit bistable ebhalisiweyo, zihlala zonakaliswe kwaye zitshintshwe kwixabiso.Ngoko ke, isixhobo ekuthethwa ngaso kufuneka sivavanywe, yaye eso sixhobo singenakuvavanywa okanye ebesikhe savavanywa kodwa eseneengxaki kufuneka sihlaziywe ukuze isiphene siphele ngokukhawuleza.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-26-2022